Correction to: Gender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8.].

Gender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health emergency that could potentially have a serious impact on public health. Fear has been one of the most frequent psychological reaction in the population during the current pandemic. The aim of this study was to compare fear of COVID-19 between genders and to examine whether the differences between genders may be predictors of fear of COVID-19 scores. A cross-sectional web-based survey design was adopted. The sample comprised 772 Cuban participants. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale was used to explore fear reactions in the sample. An independent-samples t test was conducted to compare the fear of COVID-19 scores between genders, and multinomial logistic regression was modeling to identify variables independently associated with fear of coronavirus. In our sample, on average, female participants experienced significantly greater fear of COVID-19 than men. The gender of participants significantly predicted the level of fear of COVID-19. Being female was a predictor of medium and high levels of fear of COVID-19. The odds of a female with middle fear levels compared to low fear was 3.13 times more than for a male, and the odds of a female with high fear levels compared to low fear was 3.45 times more than for a male. Our results corroborate international research that indicate a greater psychological vulnerability in women during the COVID-19 pandemic. This result points to the need to design interventions that reduce the negative impact of the current outbreak on women's mental health.

Adaptation of the Cuban version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale.

This study explores the psychometric properties of the Cuban version of Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS). The sample comprised 376 Cuban participants. Concurrent validity and reliability were examined. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The CAS showed excellent psychometric characteristics. The internal consistency was very good (α = 0.88). There was a positive correlation between the CAS and the FCV-19S and an inverse association between anxiety and self-perceived quality of health. The results confirmed the presence of a single factor. The CAS is a valid and reliable instrument to explore the experience of anxiety in the Cuban population.

The Risk Perception COVID-19 Scale (RP-COVID19-S): Initial Validation and Its Relationship with Gender and Age in a Cuban Population Sample.

BACKGROUND: Risk perception about COVID-19 constitutes an important variable contributing to promotion of personal protection practices. The aims of this study were to exploring the factorial structure of the risk perception COVID-19 scale (RP-COVID19-S) in a sample of Cuban adults and to identify its relationship with variables such as gender and age. METHODS: A cross-sectional web-based survey design was conducted. The sample comprised 394 Cuban participants. Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CATPCA) was used to explore internal factorial structure of the scale. Logistic regression was modeling to identify variables independently associated with RP about COVID-19. RESULTS: CATPCA allowed identifying a three-dimensional factorial structure into the scale: knowledge and beliefs, emotional reactions and behavioral dissonance, and motivations for change. The odds of a woman with middle RP compared to low RP was 2.17 times more than for a man. Also, the odds of a woman with high knowledge and beliefs compared to low knowledge and beliefs were 1.96 times more than for a man. The odds of a person in older group, with middle risk perception compared with low level, was 5.0 (global risk perception), 3.33 (knowledge and beliefs), and 3.13 (emotional reactions and behavioral dissonance) times more than for a person in younger group, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Risk Perception to COVD-19 Scale (RP-COVID-19-S) showed satisfactory psychometric properties to evaluated risk perception related to COVID-19 in Cuban population sample. Middle level of global risk perception was found in the sample. High level of risk perception about COVID-19 was found on participants older than 42 years old and in woman.

Anxiety, Health Self-Perception, and Worry About the Resurgence of COVID-19 Predict Fear Reactions Among Genders in the Cuban Population.

The resurgence of COVID-19 could deepen the psychological impacts of the pandemic which poses new challenges for mental health professionals. Among the actions that should be prioritized is the monitoring of the groups that have shown greater psychological vulnerability during the first stage of the pandemic. The first aim of our study is to explore the fear reactions to COVID-19 between genders during the second wave of the outbreak in Cuba. Second, establish possible predictors of fear of COVID-19 in relation to gender. Specifically, we will evaluate how anxiety related to COVID-19, health self-perception, and worry about the resurgence of COVID-19 predict fear reactions among women and men in the Cuban population. A cross-sectional online study was designed. The research was conducted between August 16 and October 18, 2020. A total of 373 people completed the online survey. A socio-demographic questionnaire, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale and the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale were used. An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare the fear, worry, anxiety and self-perceived health scores, between genders. The relationship between those variables and fear of COVID-19, was investigated using Pearson correlation coefficient. Finally, multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the possible associations (predictors) related to fear of COVID-19. In our study, women, compared to men, presented greater fear reactions, greater concern about resurgence of COVID-19 and poorer self-perceived health. Anxiety reactions in our sample showed no differences between genders. In women, anxiety of COVID-19, worry about resurgence of COVID-19, and self-perceived health are associated with fear reactions to COVID-19. In the case of men, the self-perceived health showed no associations with fear reactions. Our results confirm the results of several related investigations during the first wave of the pandemic where women have shown greater psychological vulnerability compared to men. However, we cannot rule out that the real impact of the pandemic on mental health in men is much greater than that described by the studies conducted to date. Additional studies are needed on the psychological impact of COVID-19 on men.

Propuestas de investigaciones psicosociales generadas a partir de la colaboración internacional / Proposals of Psychosocial Research Generated from International Collaboration

Introducción: La cooperación académica y científico-técnica en el área de las ciencias del comportamiento abarca temáticas como el bienestar psicosocial, la promoción de salud y la prevención de enfermedades crónicas. A partir de ello, entre los años 2016 y 2018, se desarrollaron intercambios sistemáticos entre psicólogos de varias instituciones académicas y de salud de Cuba y de la Universidad de Connecticut con el propósito de fomentar la cooperación en el área de la psicología de la salud. Objetivo: Describir las principales propuestas de investigaciones psicosociales generadas a partir de la colaboración científico-técnica entre profesionales cubanos e investigadores de la Universidad de Connecticut, entre 2016 y 2018. Métodos: Se desarrolló una investigación cualitativa, con un diseño etnográfico. Se eligieron informantes clave entre investigadores cubanos y estadounidenses y se usaron como técnicas la observación participante, la entrevista en profundidad y el análisis de documentos. Resultados: Se gestaron varias propuestas de investigaciones que propiciaron el desarrollo de intervenciones psicosociales preventivas. Se promovió la realización de estudios basados en el reconocimiento de la significación de la determinación social de la salud en la prevención de las enfermedades crónicas. Se tuvieron en cuenta diez estudios dirigidos a la prevención y atención de los trastornos adictivos que fueron desarrollados durante los años 2017 - 2018. Conclusiones: A partir de los encuentros realizados se elaboraron propuestas que propiciaron la ejecución de intervenciones preventivas individuales y comunitarias exitosas. A partir de la colaboración científico-técnica internacional y de la aplicación de acciones que promuevan la información, la motivación y la formación de habilidades conductuales se potencia el desarrollo de comportamientos preventivos(AU)

Introduction: Academic and scientific-technical cooperation in the area of behavioral sciences covers topics such as psychosocial well-being, health promotion and prevention of chronic diseases. Based on this, between 2016 and 2018, systematic exchanges were developed between psychologists from several academic and health institutions from Cuba and the University of Connecticut, with the aim of promoting cooperation in the area of health psychology. Objective: To describe the main psychosocial research proposals generated, between 2016 and 2018, from the scientific-technical collaboration between Cuban professionals and researchers from the University of Connecticut. Methods: A qualitative research was developed, with an ethnographic design. Key informants were chosen from among Cuban and US researchers. The techniques used were participant observation, in-depth interview, and document analysis. Results: Several research proposals were developed that led to the development of preventive psychosocial interventions. Studies were promoted aimed at recognizing the significance of health social determination in the prevention of chronic diseases. Ten studies were taken into account, as they were aimed at the prevention and care of addictive disorders that were developed during the years 2017 - 2018. Conclusions: During the meetings held, proposals were made that led to the implementation of successful individual and community preventive interventions. From the international scientific-technical collaboration and the application of actions that promote information, motivation and the formation of behavioral skills, the development of preventive behaviors is promoted(AU)

Consumo de alcohol y factores relacionados en estudiantes universitarios cubanos / Factors associated with alcohol consumption in Cuban university students

Introducción: El consumo de alcohol constituye un problema de salud, complejo y multifactorial. Los factores de riesgo y/o protección y la percepción de riesgo pudieran actuar como variables moduladoras del consumo de alcohol. Objetivo: Explorar la relación entre los factores de protección y/o riesgo, la percepción de riesgo y el consumo de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios cubanos. Material y Métodos: Se asumió la metodología cuantitativa con un diseño no experimental transversal (ex-post-facto) con un alcance correlacional. Participaron 1 377 estudiantes universitarios. Se utilizaron como instrumentos el Autorreporte Vivencial, Cuestionario para la evaluación de factores protectores de la salud mental en estudiantes universitarios, Cuestionario para la evaluación de la percepción de riesgo sobre consumo de alcohol y el Cuestionario para la identificación de trastornos asociados con el alcohol. Se empleó la estadística descriptiva e inferencial para analizar las relaciones entre las diferentes variables. Resultados: Los hombres mostraron mayores dificultades en la adecuación de la percepción de riesgo y un mayor consumo de alcohol que las mujeres. Se establecieron relaciones altamente significativas entre la percepción de riesgo, los factores de protección, el consumo de alcohol y otras variables sociodemográficas incluidas en el estudio como el año académico, la condición de ser becado y la zona de residencia. Se encontró una relación directa entre el desarrollo de los factores de protección y la percepción de riesgo y una relación inversa entre esta última y el consumo de alcohol en los estudiantes universitarios. Conclusiones: Se analizó, de forma exploratoria, la relación entre los factores de riesgo y protección, la percepción de riesgo y el consumo de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios(AU)

Introduction: Alcohol consumption is a complex and multifactorial health-related problem. Risk and/or protective factors and risk perception may act as modulating variables of alcohol consumption. Objective: To explore the relationship between protective and/or risk factors, risk perception and alcohol consumption in Cuban university students. Material and Methods: A quantitative non-experimental cross-sectional ex post facto correlation study was conducted. A total of 1,377 university students participated in the study. The instruments used included the Experiential Self-Report, a questionnaire for the evaluation of protective factors of mental health in university students, a questionnaire for the evaluation of risk perception of alcohol consumption, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the relationships between the different variables. Results: Men showed greater difficulties in the adequacy of risk perception and higher alcohol consumption than women. Highly significant relationships were established between risk perception, protective factors, alcohol consumption and other sociodemographic variables included in the study such as academic year, the condition of being granted a scholarship, and area of residence. A direct relationship between the development of protective factors and risk perception and an inverse relationship between the latter and alcohol consumption were found in university students. Conclusions: The relationship between risk and protective factors, risk perception and alcohol consumption in university students was analyzed. Introducción: El consumo de alcohol constituye un problema de salud, complejo y multifactorial. Los factores de riesgo y/o protección y la percepción de riesgo pudieran actuar como variables moduladoras del consumo de alcohol(AU)

Subjective Well-being during the Pandemic: A Pilot Study in the Cuban Population.

Background: The study of aspects related to positive mental health and well-being in the general population with a gender approach is a necessity in the current context imposed by COVID-19. Objective: To explore gender as a predictor of subjective well-being during COVID-19 in a sample of the Cuban population. Design: A cross-sectional web-based survey design was adopted. The sample consisted of 129 Cuban participants. The Subjective Well-being-Reduced Scale (SW-RS) was used to explore subjective well-being in the sample. Descriptive statistics were used to explore the participants' characteristics. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify variables independently associated with the participants' subjective well-being. Results: The gender of participants significantly predicted subjective well-being levels. The probability of males having middle or high levels of subjective well-being, rather than low levels, was 4.16 times greater than in females. The probability of males having a high self-image instead of a low one was 4.35 times greater than in females. According to the self-satisfaction dimension, the odds of males having high rather than low self-satisfaction were five times more than in females. In this sample, gender did not predict whether participants had middle or high levels of the hedonic dimension. Conclusion: Our results corroborated international studies that have indicated the coincidence of lower well-being and greater psychosocial risk in women during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results also indicated the need to dig deeper into the experiences of subjective well-being from a gender perspective, and to strengthen the sufficiency and effectiveness of the actions and guidance that are offered to the population from psychological care services, the media, and public policies.

La autoayuda en tiempos de la COVID-19 / Self-help in times of COVID-19

Introducción: Ante la presencia del SARS-CoV-2, nuevo coronavirus y agente causal de la COVID-19, se ha desencadenado a nivel mundial una pandemia traducida en millones de enfermos y altas tasas de letalidad. Esta crisis presenta desafíos a todos los niveles, de ahí que la Psicología como ciencia del comportamiento, tenga la función no solo de predecir cómo va a afectar a las personas, sino cómo ayudar a reducir su impacto emocional. Objetivo: Proponer Boletines de autoayuda como herramientas de apoyo psicológico para el fomento de estrategias de afrontamiento ante la crisis generada por la COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo mediante un diseño de investigación - acción, este se estructuró como un proceso de difusión de innovaciones y siguió tres etapas de trabajo: conocimiento de la innovación, persuasión para la adopción de la innovación y decisión de adopción de la innovación Resultados: Hasta el cierre de este informe, se alcanzó un promedio de 23 930 visitas para la totalidad de los 10 boletines publicados. Se manifestó el predominio de visualizaciones en las féminas, sin embargo, coinciden hombres y mujeres en las edades comprendidas entre 25 - 34 años. Se valoraron de forma favorable los temas relacionados con el cuidado y el autocuidado; la familia; alteraciones en el comportamiento y adultos mayores. Conclusiones: Los comentarios realizados por los beneficiarios de las acciones de autoayuda propuestas, muestran la pertinencia para la situación de crisis actual. Se identificó una dinámica de cambio favorecedora a nivel reflexivo - vivencial y conductualAU)

Introduction: In the presence of SARS-CoV-2, the new coronavirus and causative agent of COVID-19, a pandemic has been triggered worldwide, resulting in millions of patients and high fatality rates. This crisis presents challenges at all levels, hence Psychology as a behavioral science, has the function not only of predicting how it will affect people, but also how to help reduce their emotional impact. Objective: Propose self-help bulletins as psychological support tools to promote coping strategies in the face of the crisis generated by COVID-19. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted through an action-research design, this was structured as a process of diffusion of innovations and followed three stages of work: knowledge of innovation, persuasion for adoption of innovation and decision to adopt innovation Results: Until the closing of this report, an average of 23930 visits were reached for the totality of the 10 published bulletins. The predominance of visualizations in females was manifested, however, men and women between the ages of 25-34 years coincide. Issues related to care and self-care; family; behavioral alterations and older adults were favorably evaluated. Conclusions: The comments made by the beneficiaries of the proposed self-help actions show the relevance for the current crisis situation. A favorable dynamic of change was identified at the reflective-experiential and behavioral levelAU).

Conocimiento sobre la enfermedad renal crónica en jóvenes universitarios cubanos / Knowledge about chronic kidney disease in young Cuban university students

INTRODUCCIÓN: La alfabetización en salud se reconoce como resultado del proceso de educación para la salud. El conocimiento sobre estilos de vida saludables o las medidas necesarias para evitar el desarrollo o progreso de enfermedades es importante en etapas vulnerables como la juventud. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el conocimiento que poseen los jóvenes universitarios cubanos sobre la enfermedad renal crónica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de las Villas, (Cuba). Se obtuvo una muestra de 420 estudiantes mediante muestreo probabilístico aleatorio estratificado. Se empleó como instrumento el Cuestionario de conocimiento sobre la enfermedad renal crónica. Además se estudiaron otras variables como sexo, edad, carrera, facultad, año académico y provincia de residencia. RESULTADOS: El 55,7% de los jóvenes no tenía conocimientos previos sobre la enfermedad renal. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los hombres y las mujeres en cuanto nivel de conocimiento por categorías temáticas. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la puntuación total del Cuestionario entre las diferentes facultades y años académicos. CONCLUSIONES: Se reconoce un mayor nivel de conocimiento en las categorías temáticas síntomas, características y detección de la enfermedad renal crónica y factores predisponentes, mientras que la categoría de comorbilidades asociadas mostró los peores resultados. Las facultades de Construcciones, Matemática, Física y Computación e Ingeniería Mecánica e Industrial mostraron mejores resultados en las respuestas ofrecidas

INTRODUCTION: Health literacy is recognized as a result of the health education process. Knowledge about healthy lifestyles or measures necessary to avoid the development or progression of diseases is important in vulnerable stages such as youth. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge that young Cuban university students have about chronic kidney disease. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive observational study. The study was carried out at the Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de las Villas, (Cuba). A sample of 420 students was obtained by stratified random probability sampling. The knowledge questionnaire on chronic kidney disease was used as an instrument. In addition, other variables such as sex, age, university degree, faculty, academic year and province of residence were collected. RESULTS: 55.7% of the young people had no previous knowledge about kidney disease. No statistically significant differences were found between men and women in terms of level of knowledge by subject categories. Statistically significant differences were found in the total score of the questionnaire between the different faculties and academic years. CONCLUSIONS: A higher level of knowledge is recognized in the thematic categories focused on symptoms, characteristics and detection of chronic kidney disease and predisposing factors, while the category related to associated comorbidities showed the worst results. The Faculties of Construction, Mathematics, Physics and Computing, and Mechanical and Industrial Engineering showed better results in the answers offered

Pertinencia del empleo de estrategias psicoeducativas en la prevención del consumo de drogas / Relevance of the use of psycho-educational strategies in the prevention of drug abuse

RESUMEN La estrategia psicoeducativa constituye una valiosa herramienta para realizar con éxito la actividad preventiva que cobra especial relevancia en el ámbito de la extensión universitaria y es, a su vez, una de las áreas fundamentales de labor del profesional de la salud. Los autores de esta comunicación pretenden socializar sus conocimientos obtenidos a partir de estudios bibliográficos y experiencias de trabajo en su empleo para la prevención del consumo de drogas en adolescentes y jóvenes. Enfatizan en sus características, las cuales constituyen vivencias comprobadas: integrar un sistema de acciones educativas orientadas a estimular la capacidad del joven para reconocer los posibles daños, el grado de vulnerabilidad y consecuencias del consumo, potenciar los mecanismos de autorregulación para evitar o reducir este comportamiento (y consecuentemente la vulnerabilidad), asumir comportamientos saludables, y aprovechar las posibilidades que ofrece el contexto universitario como comunidad educativa.

ABSTRACT The psycho-educational strategy is a valuable tool to successfully carrying out the preventive activity that becomes especially relevant in the field of university extension, in turn, it´s one of the fundamental areas of work of the health professional. The authors of this research paper intend to socialize their knowledge obtained from bibliographic studies and work experiences in their employment for the prevention of drug abuse in adolescents and young people. They emphasize their characteristics, which constitute proven experiences: integrate a system of educational actions aimed at stimulating the ability of young people to recognize the possible damages, the degree of vulnerability and consequences of consumption, enhance the mechanisms of self-regulation to avoid or reduce this behavior (and consequently vulnerability), assume healthy behaviors, and take advantage of the possibilities offered by the university context as an educational community.

Consecuencias psicológicas de la cuarentena y el aislamiento social durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Psychological consequences of quarantine and social isolation during COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción: El aislamiento social y la cuarentena durante la pandemia de COVID-19 constituyen medidas efectivas con el objetivo de salvaguardar vidas. Sin embargo, estas medidas traen consigo un importante costo para la salud mental. El monitoreo de las reacciones psicológicas derivadas de las restricciones obligatorias de movimiento durante la pandemia de COVID-19, debe constituir una prioridad para los sistemas de salud. Objetivo: Analizar la evidencia disponible sobre el impacto negativo de la cuarentena y el aislamiento social en la salud mental. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y documental sobre el tema en fuentes de datos digitales. Para la búsqueda se utilizaron, en inglés y español, las siguientes palabras claves: cuarentena, aislamiento social, impacto psicológico, reacción psicológica. Las consultas se realizaron en Scopus, EBSCO Health, PubMed (buscador), SciELO y PsycINFO, con énfasis en artículos originales y revisiones sistemáticas. Para la recolección de los datos se elaboró una ficha instructiva y para su tratamiento se aplicó el análisis de contenido de tipo directo. Conclusiones: Acciones tales como mantener a la población informada, facilitar canales de retroalimentación, garantizar los suministros básicos y facilitar estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés permiten minimizar los efectos negativos de un periodo de cuarentena. Las dificultades asociadas a la COVID-19 no concluirán 28 días después del último caso diagnosticado. Cuando llegue ese momento, se podrá tomar un respiro breve, pero faltará todavía mucho por hacer(AU)

Introduction: Social isolation and quarantine during COVID-19 pandemic are effective measures with the aim of safeguarding lifes. However, these measures bring an important cost for mental health. Monitoring psychological reactions derivative of movement´s obligatory restrictions during COVID-19 pandemics must represent a priority for all health systems. Objective: To analyze available evidence on the negative impact in mental health of quarantine and social isolation. Methods: It was carried out a bibliographic and documents review in digital data sources on the topic. Fort the search in English and Spanish the following words were used: quarantine, social isolation, psychological impact, psychological reaction. The search was made in Scopus, EBSCO Health, PubMed (search engine), SciELO and PsycINFO focusing in original articles and systematic reviews. For data collection, it was made an instructional sheet and for its use it was applied direct content analysis. Conclusions: Actions like to keep the population informed, to facilitate access to feedback channels, to guarantee basic supplies and to facilitate strategies for coping with stress allow to minimize the negative impacts of a quarantine period. Difficulties associated to COVID-19 will not end 28 days after the last diagnosed case. When that moment comes it will be time for a short brake, but there will be still a lot to do(AU)

Apoyo social y resiliencia: factores protectores en cuidadores principales de pacientes en hemodiálisis / Social support and resilience: protective factors in primary caregivers of patients on hemodialysis

Introducción: Garantizar el cuidado del paciente en hemodiálisis se reconoce como una actividad compleja, exigente y estresante a la cual se expone de manera reiterada el cuidador. El apoyo social y la resiliencia constituyen factores protectores que permiten amortiguar el impacto del estrés en la salud mental de los cuidadores. Objetivo: Analizar el apoyo social y la resiliencia como factores protectores en los cuidadores de pacientes en hemodiálisis. Material y Método: Estudio mixto secuencial con alcance descriptivo. La selección muestral se realizó de forma intencional-no probabilística para una muestra de 67 cuidadores de pacientes en hemodiálisis asistentes al Servicio de tratamiento sustitutivo durante el 2018. Se emplearon como instrumentos un Cuestionario de variables sociodemográficas, el Cuestionario de apoyo social funcional Duke-UNK-11 y la Escala reducida de Resiliencia Connor-Davidson. Se desarrollaron entrevistas grupales para la recogida de información cualitativa. Resultados: La percepción de apoyo social así como las dimensiones de apoyo afectivo y confidencial se expresan en niveles medios y bajos, distinguiéndose la familia como la principal red de apoyo para los cuidadores. La resiliencia alcanza niveles medio y alto siendo el optimismo, el sentido del humor y el establecimiento de relaciones sociales los principales mecanismos resilientes para enfrentar la actividad de cuidado. Conclusiones: El apoyo social y la resiliencia se comportan como factores protectores en los cuidadores estudiados. Se constituyen como los principales recursos psicológicos amortiguadores del estrés que ofrecen una perspectiva diferente y enriquecedora para enfrentar situaciones adversas de manera efectiva en los cuidadores

Introduction: Ensuring the care in hemodialysis patient is a complex, demanding and stressful activity to which the caregiver is repeatedly exposed. Social support and resilience are protective factors that allow to mitigate the impact of stress on the caregiver's mental health. Objective: Analyze social support and resilience as protective factors in caregivers of patients on hemodialysis. Material and Method: A sequential mixed model design with descriptive scope. A non-probability sampling was made for a sample of 67 caregivers of hemodialysis patients attending the Substitute Treatment Service during 2018. A questionnaire of sociodemographic variables, the Duke-UNK-11 Functional Social Support Questionnaire and the Connor-Davidson Reduced Resilience Scale were used as instruments. Group interviews were developed for the collection of qualitative information. Result: The perceptions of social support as well as the dimensions of affective and confidential support are expressed in medium and low levels, distinguishing the family as the main support network for caregivers. Resilience reaches medium and high levels, with optimism, a sense of humor and the establishment of social relationships as the main resilient mechanisms to approach the care activity. Conclusions: Social support and resilience operate as protective factors in the caregivers studied. Both are considered as the main psychological resources to mitigate stress. Also they offer a different and enriching perspective to face adverse situations effectively in caregivers

Validez y confiabilidad del cuestionario para evaluar factores protectores de la salud mental en estudiantes universitarios

Objetivo: Analizar la validez y confiabilidad de un cuestionario para la exploración de factores protectores de la salud mental en estudiantes universitarios cubanos. Método: La muestra quedó conformada por 1377 estudiantes. Se utilizó el análisis categórico de componentes principales, el análisis de conglomerados en dos etapas y los árboles de decisión. Resultados: Se identificaron dos factores. La primera dimensión incluyó ítems que tienen un sentido positivo y expresan un desarrollo de estos factores protectores. Esta dimensión mostró un mayor coeficiente de confiabilidad y fue capaz de explicar una mayor proporción de la varianza en los clúster identificados. La segunda dimensión agrupó aquellos ítems relacionados con un pobre desarrollo de estos factores de protección que pudieran constituir en factores de riesgo. Los ítems que mejor predicen la agrupación de los tres clúster están relacionados con la resiliencia, toma de decisiones, la autoeficacia y la autoestima. Conclusión: El instrumento desarrollado mostró su exactitud y precisión en el proceso de obtención de la información necesaria para evaluar los factores de protección de la salud mental en estudiantes universitarios cubanos.

Objective: To analyze the validity and reliability of a questionnaire in exploring the protective factors of mental health in Cuban university students. Method: The sample was composed of 1377 students. A categorical principal components analysis, a two-step cluster analysis and decision trees were used. Results: Results revealed two components. The first dimension included items that have a positive meaning and express a development of these protective factors. This dimension showed a higher coefficient of reliability and was able to explain a higher proportion of the variance in the clusters identified. The second dimension grouped those items that were related to poor development of these protection factors, which could constitute to risk factors. Items associated with resilience, decision making ability, self- efficacy and self- esteem were the best predictors in the grouping process. Conclusion: The instrument developed showed its accuracy and precision in the process of obtaining the necessary information to evaluate the factors of protection of mental health in Cuban university students.

Desarrollo y análisis de confiabilidad del cuestionario para la evaluación de percepción de riesgo sobre el consumo de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios cubanos / Development and reliability analysis of risk perception questionnaire about alcohol consumption in cuban university students

Resumen El estudio se orientó al desarrollo y análisis de la confiabilidad del Cuestionario para la evaluación de percepción de riesgo sobre el consumo de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios. La muestra quedó compuesta por 1377 estudiantes universitarios cubanos. Se utilizó el análisis categórico de componentes principales, el análisis de conglomerados en dos etapas y los árboles de decisión. Se identificaron dos dimensiones, la primera se relacionó con el componente motivacional-conductual de la percepción de riesgo y la segunda con la información sobre los riesgos del consumo. Ambas dimensiones mostraron elevados índices de confiabilidad y se relacionaron con los tres clúster identificados de acuerdo con la adecuación de la percepción de riesgo respecto al consumo de alcohol. El árbol de clasificación logró un 84.4% de buena clasificación, destacándose como predictores los ítems de la dimensión motivacional-conductual. El instrumento diseñado para la evaluación de la percepción de riesgo sobre el consumo de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios mostró adecuados niveles de confiabilidad que favorece su aplicación en este contexto.

Abstract The aim of this study was development and to analyze the reliability of risk perception questionnaire about alcohol consumption in university students. The sample was composed by 1377 university students. In the data analysis the authors used categorical principal components analysis, two step cluster analysis and the decision trees. Two dimensions was found, the first dimension was associated with the motivational-behavioral component of risk perception and the second with information about risk of alcohol consumption. Both dimensions shows high levels of reliability and it related with the three clusters identified according the adequacy of risk perception about alcohol consumption. The decision tree obtained 84.4% of good classifications; it emphasizes like predictors items of motivational-behavioral dimension. The instrument designed to assess risk perception on alcohol consumption in university students showed adequate levels of reliability which favors its application in this context.

Preparación de los Equipos Básicos de Salud para enfrentar la violencia de género / Preparedness of Basic Health Teams to Tackle Gender-Based Violence

Introducción: la violencia de género se manifiesta en la cotidianidad como un grave problema de salud. Sus consecuencias en el plano individual y colectivo, en ocasiones, son irreparables. Investigaciones nacionales alertan sobre la insuficiente preparación de los Equipos Básicos de Salud para abordar esta problemática. Objetivo: caracterizar la preparación sobre violencia de género de los Equipos Básicos de Salud pertenecientes al Grupo Básico de Trabajo número 3 del policlínico XX Aniversario en Santa Clara. Métodos: desde el enfoque mixto de investigación, se empleó un diseño concurrente predominantemente cuantitativo para la realización de un estudio con alcance descriptivo. La muestra la conformaron 45 médicos y enfermeras. Se utilizaron los métodos teóricos histórico-lógico y analítico-sintético. Dentro de los métodos empíricos se emplearon la entrevista y el cuestionario. Los resultados fueron analizados haciendo uso del paquete estadístico SPSS y el análisis de contenido. Resultados: más del 60 por ciento del personal de salud explorado no tenía información sobre la atención a brindar ante esta problemática, el curso a seguir ante casos detectados ni la existencia de metodologías para su abordaje. Conclusiones: la preparación sobre violencia de género fue escasa en las dimensiones cognitivas y procedimentales y menos insuficiente en la dimensión axiológica, ya que estos profesionales se identificaron con la existencia y grado de afectación que esta problemática causa sobre la salud. Se reconoció la necesidad de capacitación sobre el tema y la inclusión de esta temática en los planes de estudio de las carreras con perfil médico, así como en las acciones de postgrado(AU)

Introduction: Gender-based violence is showed in everyday life as a serious health problem. Its impact is sometimes irreparable on the individual and collective level. Local research advices about the insufficient preparation of Basic Health Teams to tackle this problem. Objective: Characterize the preparation of basic health teams on gender-based violence in the Basic Group of Work at Polyclinic No. 3 in Santa Clara. Methods: From mixed research approach, a predominantly quantitative concurrent design was used for a study with descriptive scope. The sample was composed of 45 doctors and nurses. Two method were used: the theoretical- historical logical method and the analytic-synthetic method. Interviews and questionnaires were used. The results were analyzed using the SPSS and content analysis. Results: Over 60 percent of health personnel studied had no information on providing care to this problem, the course to be followed in cases detected nor the existence of methodologies for their approach. Conclusions: Preparation on gender violence was low in cognitive and procedural dimensions and less insufficient in the axiological dimension, as these professionals identified with the existence and degree of involvement that this problem causes health. The need for training on the subject was recognized as well as the need of including this subject in the medical studies, and post grade actions(AU)

Preparación de los Equipos Básicos de Salud para enfrentar la violencia de género / Preparedness of Basic Health Teams to Tackle Gender-Based Violence

Introducción: la violencia de género se manifiesta en la cotidianidad como un grave problema de salud. Sus consecuencias en el plano individual y colectivo, en ocasiones, son irreparables. Investigaciones nacionales alertan sobre la insuficiente preparación de los Equipos Básicos de Salud para abordar esta problemática.Objetivo: caracterizar la preparación sobre violencia de género de los Equipos Básicos de Salud pertenecientes al Grupo Básico de Trabajo número 3 del policlínico XX Aniversario en Santa Clara. Métodos: desde el enfoque mixto de investigación, se empleó un diseño concurrente predominantemente cuantitativo para la realización de un estudio con alcance descriptivo. La muestra la conformaron 45 médicos y enfermeras. Se utilizaron los métodos teóricos histórico-lógico y analítico-sintético. Dentro de los métodos empíricos se emplearon la entrevista y el cuestionario. Los resultados fueron analizados haciendo uso del paquete estadístico SPSS y el análisis de contenido. Resultados: más del 60 por ciento del personal de salud explorado no tenía información sobre la atención a brindar ante esta problemática, el curso a seguir ante casos detectados ni la existencia de metodologías para su abordaje. Conclusiones: la preparación sobre violencia de género fue escasa en las dimensiones cognitivas y procedimentales y menos insuficiente en la dimensión axiológica, ya que estos profesionales se identificaron con la existencia y grado de afectación que esta problemática causa sobre la salud. Se reconoció la necesidad de capacitación sobre el tema y la inclusión de esta temática en los planes de estudio de las carreras con perfil médico, así como en las acciones de postgrado(AU)

Introduction: Gender-based violence is showed in everyday life as a serious health problem. Its impact is sometimes irreparable on the individual and collective level. Local research advices about the insufficient preparation of Basic Health Teams to tackle this problem. Objective: Characterize the preparation of basic health teams on gender-based violence in the Basic Group of Work at Polyclinic No. 3 in Santa Clara.Methods: From mixed research approach, a predominantly quantitative concurrent design was used for a study with descriptive scope. The sample was composed of 45 doctors and nurses. Two method were used: the theoretical- historical logical method and the analytic-synthetic method. Interviews and questionnaires were used. The results were analyzed using the SPSS and content analysis.Results: Over 60 percent of health personnel studied had no information on providing care to this problem, the course to be followed in cases detected nor the existence of methodologies for their approach. Conclusions: Preparation on gender violence was low in cognitive and procedural dimensions and less insufficient in the axiological dimension, as these professionals identified with the existence and degree of involvement that this problem causes health. The need for training on the subject was recognized as well as the need of including this subject in the medical studies, and post grade actions(AU)

Percepción de riesgo respecto al consumo de tabaco en jóvenes universitarios cubanos / Risk perception about tobacco consumption in Cuban university students

Introducción: el consumo de tabaco constituye un serio problema de salud a nivel mundial y en Cuba, especialmente en la población joven. La percepción de riesgo ha sido identificada como una importante variable que influye en el inicio y mantenimiento del consumo de tabaco en esta etapa. Objetivo: explorar las características de la percepción de riesgo respecto al consumo de tabaco en jóvenes universitarios cubanos. Métodos: investigación con enfoque cuantitativo, diseño descriptivo ex post facto. La muestra quedó conformada por 1 377 estudiantes universitarios. Se aplicó un cuestionario para explorar la percepción de riesgo respecto al consumo de tabaco. Se utilizó el análisis descriptivo univariante, el análisis de conglomerados en dos etapas, el análisis categórico de componentes principales y los árboles de decisión. Resultados: se identificaron niveles adecuados de información sobre las consecuencias de este comportamiento de riesgo. Las variaciones más altas fueron en la dimensión conductual-motivacional y fue el mejor predictor en el proceso de agrupación de acuerdo a los niveles de percepción de riesgo. Hay más mujeres que hombres en el grupo con los mejores resultados. Conclusiones: los resultados permitieron una compresión multidimensional de la percepción del riesgo en estudiantes universitarios cubanos(AU)

Introduction: Tobacco consumption is a serious problem in a worldwide and in Cuba, especially in young people. Risk perception has been identified as an important variable that influences the initiation and maintenance of tobacco consumption in this stage. Objetive: To explore the characteristics of risk perception of the tobacco consumption in Cuban university students. Methods: The research was conceived from a quantitative approach with a descriptive ex post facto design. The sample was composed by 1377 university students. It was used the questionnaire of risk perception of tobacco consumption. In the data analysis the authors used univariate descriptive analysis, two step cluster analysis, categorical principal components analysis and the decision trees. Results: It was identified as tendency, adequate levels of information about consequences of this risk behavior. The higher variations were in the behavioral-motivational dimension and it was the best predictor in the grouping process according to levels of risk perception. There are more females than males in the cluster with the best results Conclusions: The results allowed a multidimensional understanding of risk perception of tobacco consumption in Cuban university students(AU)

Afectividad negativa en estudiantes universitarios: un estudio exploratorio / Negative affectivity in university students: An exploratory study

El contexto universitario constituye un escenario complejo que puede potenciar el desarrollo personal de los estudiantes, pero también puede estimular la experimentación de emociones negativas. El estudio presentado en este artículo se orientó a explorar la afectividad negativa en estudiantes universitarios. Se realizó un muestreo probabilístico. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1.377 estudiantes a los que se les administró el Autorreporte Vivencial. Se utilizó el análisis descriptivo univariante y también el análisis de conglomerados en 2 etapas, el análisis categórico de componentes principales y los árboles de decisión. Los resultados revelaron bajos niveles de afecto negativo. Los estudiantes se dividieron en 2 grupos que se diferencian en la intensidad con la que experimentan las diferentes emociones negativas, con mayor presencia de las mujeres en el conglomerado de peores resultados. Se identificó que la tristeza y la angustia demostraron ser los mejores predictores de la afectividad negativa en los estudiantes universitarios. Los resultados alcanzados constituyen los primeros pasos para el diseño de estrategias preventivas y de promoción de la salud mental en el contexto universitario

The university context is a complex space that can enhance the personal development of students, but it can also stimulate negative emotional experiences. This study was aimed at exploring negative affectivity levels in university students. Probabilistic sampling was used. The sample was composed of 1,377 students who completed the Experiential Self-Report. A univariate descriptive analysis, a two-step cluster analysis, a categorical principal components analysis and decision trees were used. Results revealed low levels of negative affectivity. Students were divided into 2 groups according to the intensity with which they experienced various negative emotions, with a higher presence of women in the cluster with worse results. Sadness and distress proved to be the best predictors of negative affectivity in university students. The results obtained are the first steps towards designing preventive strategies and promoting mental health in the university context